:root {
    --navy: #0F1B2D;
    --navy-deep: #0A1320;
    --navy-soft: #1A2942;
    --gold: #C9A961;
    --gold-bright: #D4AF37;
    --gold-soft: #E8D5A0;
    --cream: #FAF7F2;
    --paper: #F5F2EC;
    --ink: #1A1A1A;
    --ink-soft: #3A3A3A;
    --ink-muted: #6B6B6B;
    --line: rgba(15, 27, 45, 0.08);
    --line-gold: rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.25);

    --font-display: 'Fraunces', 'Noto Serif KR', serif;
    --font-display-kr: 'Noto Serif KR', 'Fraunces', serif;
    --font-sans: 'IBM Plex Sans KR', 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, sans-serif;
    --font-mono: 'Inter', monospace;

    --container: 1180px;
    --section-y: 140px;
    --section-y-mobile: 80px;
  }

  * { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; }

  html { scroll-behavior: smooth; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; }
  body {
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    color: var(--ink);
    background: var(--cream);
    line-height: 1.65;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: -0.005em;
    overflow-x: hidden;
  }

  a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
  button { font-family: inherit; cursor: pointer; border: none; background: none; }

  .container {
    max-width: var(--container);
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 32px;
  }

  /* ===== NAV ===== */
  .nav {
    position: fixed;
    top: 0; left: 0; right: 0;
    z-index: 100;
    padding: 30px 0;
    transition: all 0.4s ease;
    background: transparent;
  }
  .nav.scrolled {
    background: rgba(15, 27, 45, 0.92);
    backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(12px);
    padding: 16px 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.1);
  }
  .nav-inner {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
  }
  .logo {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: 22px;
    letter-spacing: 0.15em;
    color: var(--cream);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 2px;
  }
  .logo-image {
    height: 32px;
    width: auto
    display: block;
    transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
  }
  /* 다크 배경(네비, 푸터)에서 로고를 흰색으로 변환 */
  .logo-image.on-dark {
    filter: none
    opacity: 0.92;
  }
  .logo-image.on-dark:hover {
    opacity: 1;
  }
  .nav-links {
    display: flex;
    gap: 40px;
    align-items: center;
  }
  .nav-links a {
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.75);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    position: relative;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
  }
  .nav-links a:hover { color: var(--gold-soft); }
  .nav-links a::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    bottom: -6px;
    left: 0;
    width: 0;
    height: 1px;
    background: var(--gold);
    transition: width 0.3s ease;
  }
  .nav-links a:hover::after { width: 100%; }
  .nav-cta {
    padding: 10px 22px;
    border: 1px solid var(--gold);
    color: var(--gold-soft);
    border-radius: 0;
    font-size: 12px;
    letter-spacing: 0.1em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
  }
  .nav-cta:hover {
    background: var(--gold);
    color: var(--navy);
  }

  /* ===== HERO ===== */
  .hero {
    background: var(--navy);
    color: var(--cream);
    min-height: 100vh;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
    padding: 140px 0 80px;
  }
  .hero::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background:
      radial-gradient(ellipse at top right, rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.08), transparent 50%),
      radial-gradient(ellipse at bottom left, rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.04), transparent 50%);
    pointer-events: none;
  }
  .hero-grid-bg {
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background-image:
      linear-gradient(rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.03) 1px, transparent 1px),
      linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.03) 1px, transparent 1px);
    background-size: 80px 80px;
    pointer-events: none;
    mask-image: radial-gradient(ellipse at center, black 30%, transparent 80%);
    -webkit-mask-image: radial-gradient(ellipse at center, black 30%, transparent 80%);
  }
  .hero-inner {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 2;
  }
  .hero-label {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
    font-size: 11px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.3em;
    color: var(--gold);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    margin-bottom: 40px;
    opacity: 0;
    animation: fadeUp 0.8s ease 0.2s forwards;
  }
  .hero-label::before {
    content: '';
    width: 32px;
    height: 1px;
    background: var(--gold);
  }
  .hero h1 {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: clamp(34px, 5.8vw, 68px);
    line-height: 1.25;
    letter-spacing: -0.025em;
    margin-bottom: 40px;
    max-width: 18ch;
    opacity: 0;
    animation: fadeUp 1s ease 0.4s forwards;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .hero h1 .accent {
    font-style: italic;
    color: var(--gold-soft);
    font-weight: 500;
  }
  .hero h1 .break { display: block; }
  .hero-sub {
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 1.85;
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.72);
    max-width: 540px;
    margin-bottom: 56px;
    font-weight: 300;
    letter-spacing: -0.005em;
    word-break: keep-all;
    opacity: 0;
    animation: fadeUp 1s ease 0.6s forwards;
  }
  .hero-ctas {
    display: flex;
    gap: 16px;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    opacity: 0;
    animation: fadeUp 1s ease 0.8s forwards;
  }
  .btn {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
    padding: 18px 32px;
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.1em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    transition: all 0.4s ease;
    position: relative;
    border: 1px solid transparent;
  }
  .btn-primary {
    background: var(--gold);
    color: var(--navy);
  }
  .btn-primary:hover {
    background: var(--gold-bright);
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.3);
  }
  .btn-secondary {
    border-color: rgba(232, 213, 160, 0.4);
    color: var(--gold-soft);
  }
  .btn-secondary:hover {
    border-color: var(--gold);
    color: var(--gold);
  }
  .btn-arrow {
    transition: transform 0.3s ease;
    display: inline-block;
  }
  .btn:hover .btn-arrow { transform: translateX(4px); }

  .hero-meta {
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 60px;
    right: 32px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 16px;
    font-size: 11px;
    letter-spacing: 0.2em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.4);
    z-index: 2;
  }
  .hero-meta::before {
    content: '';
    width: 40px;
    height: 1px;
    background: rgba(232, 213, 160, 0.3);
  }

  .scroll-indicator {
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 60px;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.4);
    z-index: 2;
    font-size: 10px;
    letter-spacing: 0.3em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
  }
  .scroll-line {
    width: 1px;
    height: 60px;
    background: linear-gradient(to bottom, transparent, var(--gold-soft), transparent);
    animation: scrollPulse 2.5s ease-in-out infinite;
  }
  @keyframes scrollPulse {
    0%, 100% { opacity: 0.3; }
    50% { opacity: 1; }
  }

  /* ===== MANIFESTO ===== */
  .manifesto {
    background: var(--cream);
    padding: 120px 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  }
  .manifesto-inner {
    max-width: 900px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    text-align: center;
  }
  .manifesto-mark {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 60px;
    color: var(--gold);
    line-height: 1;
    margin-bottom: 24px;
    font-style: italic;
  }
  .manifesto p {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-size: clamp(22px, 3.2vw, 34px);
    font-weight: 400;
    line-height: 1.6;
    color: var(--ink);
    font-style: italic;
    letter-spacing: -0.015em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }

  /* ===== SECTION BASE ===== */
  section {
    padding: var(--section-y) 0;
  }
  .section-label {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 16px;
    font-size: 11px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.3em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--gold);
    margin-bottom: 32px;
  }
  .section-label::before {
    content: '';
    width: 32px;
    height: 1px;
    background: var(--gold);
  }
  .section-head {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: clamp(26px, 3.8vw, 44px);
    line-height: 1.3;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    color: var(--ink);
    margin-bottom: 24px;
    max-width: 22ch;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .section-lead {
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 1.85;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    max-width: 640px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: -0.005em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }

  /* ===== PROBLEM ===== */
  .problem {
    background: var(--paper);
    position: relative;
  }
  .problem-inner {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1.2fr;
    gap: 80px;
    align-items: start;
  }
  .problem-quote {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-size: clamp(26px, 3.6vw, 40px);
    font-weight: 400;
    line-height: 1.4;
    font-style: italic;
    color: var(--navy);
    position: sticky;
    top: 120px;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .problem-quote .open-quote {
    color: var(--gold);
    font-size: 1.4em;
    line-height: 1;
    display: inline-block;
    transform: translateY(0.15em);
    font-family: var(--font-display);
  }
  .problem-body p {
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 1.95;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    margin-bottom: 28px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: -0.005em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .problem-body p:last-child {
    color: var(--navy);
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: 17px;
    padding-top: 28px;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--line-gold);
  }

  /* ===== APPROACH (3 STAGES) ===== */
  .approach {
    background: var(--cream);
  }
  .approach-head {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: end;
    margin-bottom: 80px;
    gap: 60px;
  }
  .approach-head .section-lead {
    margin-bottom: 8px;
  }
  .stages {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 1px;
    background: var(--line);
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
  }
  .stage {
    background: var(--cream);
    padding: 48px 40px 40px;
    position: relative;
    transition: background 0.4s ease;
    cursor: default;
  }
  .stage:hover {
    background: white;
  }
  .stage-number {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 13px;
    letter-spacing: 0.2em;
    color: var(--gold);
    margin-bottom: 32px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
  }
  .stage-number::after {
    content: '';
    flex: 1;
    height: 1px;
    background: var(--line-gold);
  }
  .stage h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: 26px;
    color: var(--navy);
    margin-bottom: 12px;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .stage .stage-tagline {
    font-size: 14px;
    color: var(--gold);
    font-style: italic;
    margin-bottom: 32px;
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-weight: 400;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .stage ul {
    list-style: none;
    margin-bottom: 32px;
  }
  .stage li {
    font-size: 14px;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    padding: 12px 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
    line-height: 1.5;
    transition: padding-left 0.3s ease;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: -0.005em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .stage li:hover {
    padding-left: 8px;
    color: var(--navy);
  }
  .stage li:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
  .stage-link {
    font-size: 12px;
    letter-spacing: 0.1em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--navy);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--navy);
    padding-bottom: 4px;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
  }
  .stage-link:hover {
    color: var(--gold);
    border-color: var(--gold);
  }

  /* ===== AXES ===== */
  .axes {
    background: var(--navy);
    color: var(--cream);
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
  }
  .axes::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background-image:
      linear-gradient(rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.02) 1px, transparent 1px),
      linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.02) 1px, transparent 1px);
    background-size: 60px 60px;
    pointer-events: none;
  }
  .axes .container { position: relative; z-index: 2; }
  .axes .section-head { color: var(--cream); }
  .axes .section-lead { color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.65); }
  .axes-head {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: end;
    margin-bottom: 80px;
    gap: 60px;
  }
  .axes-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 40px;
  }
  .axis-card {
    border-top: 2px solid var(--gold);
    padding: 32px 0 0;
    transition: all 0.4s ease;
  }
  .axis-card:hover {
    border-top-color: var(--gold-bright);
  }
  .axis-label {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 12px;
    letter-spacing: 0.25em;
    color: var(--gold);
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    font-style: italic;
  }
  .axis-card h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: 26px;
    color: var(--cream);
    margin-bottom: 16px;
    line-height: 1.35;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .axis-tagline {
    font-size: 14px;
    color: var(--gold-soft);
    margin-bottom: 28px;
    font-style: italic;
    line-height: 1.6;
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-weight: 400;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .axis-card ul {
    list-style: none;
  }
  .axis-card li {
    font-size: 14px;
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.72);
    padding: 12px 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(232, 213, 160, 0.1);
    line-height: 1.5;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: -0.005em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .axis-card li:last-child { border-bottom: none; }

  /* ===== WHY ===== */
  .why {
    background: var(--paper);
  }
  .why-head {
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: 80px;
  }
  .why-head .section-label {
    justify-content: center;
  }
  .why-head .section-head {
    max-width: 24ch;
    margin: 0 auto;
  }
  .why-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    gap: 1px;
    background: var(--line);
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
  }
  .why-card {
    background: var(--paper);
    padding: 56px 48px;
    transition: background 0.4s ease;
  }
  .why-card:hover { background: var(--cream); }
  .why-number {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 14px;
    letter-spacing: 0.2em;
    color: var(--gold);
    margin-bottom: 24px;
    font-style: italic;
  }
  .why-card h3 {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: 24px;
    color: var(--navy);
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    line-height: 1.4;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .why-card p {
    font-size: 15px;
    line-height: 1.85;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: -0.005em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }

  /* ===== CTA ===== */
  .cta {
    background: var(--navy);
    color: var(--cream);
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
    padding: 160px 0;
  }
  .cta::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background:
      radial-gradient(ellipse at center, rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.06), transparent 60%);
  }
  .cta-inner {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 2;
    text-align: center;
  }
  .cta-label {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 16px;
    font-size: 11px;
    letter-spacing: 0.3em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--gold);
    margin-bottom: 40px;
  }
  .cta-label::before, .cta-label::after {
    content: '';
    width: 40px;
    height: 1px;
    background: var(--gold);
  }
  .cta h2 {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: clamp(30px, 4.5vw, 58px);
    line-height: 1.3;
    color: var(--cream);
    margin-bottom: 32px;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .cta h2 em {
    color: var(--gold-soft);
    font-style: italic;
    font-weight: 500;
  }
  .cta p {
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 1.85;
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.7);
    max-width: 540px;
    margin: 0 auto 56px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: -0.005em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }

  /* ===== FOOTER ===== */
  footer {
    background: var(--navy-deep);
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.6);
    padding: 80px 0 40px;
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.1);
  }
  .footer-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1.5fr 1fr 1fr 1.2fr;
    gap: 60px;
    margin-bottom: 60px;
  }
  .footer-brand .logo { margin-bottom: 20px; }
  .footer-tagline {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-size: 14px;
    font-style: italic;
    line-height: 1.7;
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.5);
    max-width: 280px;
    font-weight: 400;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .footer-col h4 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 11px;
    letter-spacing: 0.25em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--gold);
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    font-weight: 500;
  }
  .footer-col ul { list-style: none; }
  .footer-col li {
    margin-bottom: 12px;
    font-size: 13px;
    line-height: 1.6;
  }
  .footer-col a {
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.6);
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
  }
  .footer-col a:hover { color: var(--gold-soft); }
  .footer-bottom {
    padding-top: 40px;
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(232, 213, 160, 0.1);
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    font-size: 12px;
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.4);
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 16px;
  }
  .footer-bottom-links {
    display: flex;
    gap: 24px;
  }

  /* ===== ANIMATIONS ===== */
  @keyframes fadeUp {
    from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(24px); }
    to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
  }
  .reveal {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(32px);
    transition: opacity 1s ease, transform 1s ease;
  }
  .reveal.visible {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
  }

  /* ===== RESPONSIVE ===== */
  @media (max-width: 980px) {
    section { padding: var(--section-y-mobile) 0; }
    .container { padding: 0 24px; }
    .nav-links { gap: 24px; }
    .nav-links a:not(.nav-cta) { display: none; }
    .logo-image { height: 24px; }
    .footer-brand .logo-image { height: 24px !important; }
    .problem-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 40px; }
    .problem-quote { position: static; }
    .approach-head, .axes-head { flex-direction: column; align-items: start; gap: 32px; margin-bottom: 56px; }
    .stages { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .axes-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 56px; }
    .why-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .why-card { padding: 40px 32px; }
    .stage { padding: 40px 32px; }
    .footer-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 40px; }
    .footer-brand { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
    .footer-bottom { flex-direction: column; align-items: start; }
    .hero { padding: 120px 0 60px; }
    .hero-meta, .scroll-indicator { display: none; }
    .manifesto { padding: 80px 0; }
    .cta { padding: 100px 0; }
  }
  @media (max-width: 560px) {
    .footer-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .hero-ctas { flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch; }
    .btn { justify-content: center; }
    .nav { padding: 16px 0; }
    .logo-image { height: 26px; }
    .container { padding: 0 20px; }
  }
  /* ===== PAGE-LEVEL ADDITIONS ===== */
  /* nav active state */
  .nav-links a.active {
    color: var(--gold-soft);
  }
  .nav-links a.active::after {
    width: 100%;
    background: var(--gold);
  }

  /* page hero (smaller than home hero) */
  .page-hero {
    background: var(--navy);
    color: var(--cream);
    padding: 200px 0 140px;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
  }
  .page-hero::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background:
      radial-gradient(ellipse at top right, rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.06), transparent 50%);
    pointer-events: none;
  }
  .page-hero-grid-bg {
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background-image:
      linear-gradient(rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.03) 1px, transparent 1px),
      linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.03) 1px, transparent 1px);
    background-size: 80px 80px;
    pointer-events: none;
    mask-image: radial-gradient(ellipse at center, black 30%, transparent 80%);
    -webkit-mask-image: radial-gradient(ellipse at center, black 30%, transparent 80%);
  }
  .page-hero-inner {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 2;
  }
  .page-hero-label {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
    font-size: 11px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.3em;
    color: var(--gold);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    margin-bottom: 32px;
    opacity: 0;
    animation: fadeUp 0.8s ease 0.2s forwards;
  }
  .page-hero-label::before {
    content: '';
    width: 32px;
    height: 1px;
    background: var(--gold);
  }
  .page-hero h1 {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-weight: 400;
    font-size: clamp(32px, 5vw, 60px);
    line-height: 1.25;
    letter-spacing: -0.025em;
    color: var(--cream);
    margin-bottom: 32px;
    max-width: 20ch;
    word-break: keep-all;
    opacity: 0;
    animation: fadeUp 1s ease 0.4s forwards;
  }
  .page-hero h1 em {
    color: var(--gold-soft);
    font-style: italic;
    font-weight: 500;
  }
  .page-hero-sub {
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 17px;
    line-height: 1.8;
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.72);
    max-width: 600px;
    font-weight: 300;
    letter-spacing: -0.005em;
    word-break: keep-all;
    opacity: 0;
    animation: fadeUp 1s ease 0.6s forwards;
  }

  /* opening statement (full-bleed quote section) */
  .opening {
    background: var(--navy-deep);
    color: var(--cream);
    padding: 140px 0;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
  }
  .opening::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background:
      radial-gradient(ellipse at center, rgba(201, 169, 97, 0.05), transparent 60%);
  }
  .opening-inner {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 2;
    max-width: 900px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    text-align: center;
  }
  .opening-mark {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 72px;
    color: var(--gold);
    line-height: 1;
    margin-bottom: 32px;
    font-style: italic;
  }
  .opening-quote {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-size: clamp(24px, 3.6vw, 42px);
    font-weight: 400;
    line-height: 1.5;
    color: var(--cream);
    font-style: italic;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }

  /* matrix grid (Services page) */
  .matrix-wrap {
    background: var(--paper);
  }
  .matrix-head {
    margin-bottom: 64px;
  }
  .matrix {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 160px repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 1px;
    background: var(--line);
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
  }
  .matrix-cell {
    background: var(--cream);
    padding: 24px 20px;
    min-height: 130px;
    transition: background 0.3s ease;
  }
  .matrix-cell.header {
    background: var(--navy);
    color: var(--cream);
    min-height: 90px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: center;
  }
  .matrix-cell.axis {
    text-align: center;
  }
  .matrix-cell.axis .axis-num {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 11px;
    letter-spacing: 0.2em;
    color: var(--gold);
    margin-bottom: 6px;
  }
  .matrix-cell.axis .axis-name {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--cream);
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .matrix-cell.stage {
    background: var(--navy-soft);
    color: var(--cream);
    padding: 24px 16px;
  }
  .matrix-cell.stage .stage-num {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 11px;
    letter-spacing: 0.2em;
    color: var(--gold);
    margin-bottom: 6px;
  }
  .matrix-cell.stage .stage-name {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-size: 15px;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--cream);
    margin-bottom: 4px;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .matrix-cell.stage .stage-mode {
    font-size: 10px;
    color: var(--gold-soft);
    letter-spacing: 0.1em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-style: italic;
  }
  .matrix-cell.cell {
    font-size: 13px;
    line-height: 1.65;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .matrix-cell.cell:hover {
    background: white;
  }
  .matrix-caption {
    margin-top: 32px;
    padding: 20px 24px;
    background: var(--cream);
    border-left: 2px solid var(--gold);
    font-size: 14px;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    font-style: italic;
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    word-break: keep-all;
  }

  /* stage detail sections (Services) */
  .stage-detail {
    padding: var(--section-y) 0;
  }
  .stage-detail.dark {
    background: var(--navy);
    color: var(--cream);
  }
  .stage-detail.light { background: var(--cream); }
  .stage-detail.paper { background: var(--paper); }
  .stage-detail-head {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1.5fr;
    gap: 80px;
    margin-bottom: 80px;
    align-items: end;
  }
  .stage-detail.dark .section-head { color: var(--cream); }
  .stage-detail.dark .section-lead { color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.72); }
  .stage-detail-tag {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 6px 14px;
    border: 1px solid var(--gold);
    color: var(--gold);
    font-size: 11px;
    letter-spacing: 0.2em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    font-family: var(--font-display);
  }
  .stage-detail-axes {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 40px;
  }
  .stage-detail-axis {
    border-top: 2px solid var(--gold);
    padding-top: 28px;
  }
  .stage-detail-axis h4 {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: 19px;
    margin-bottom: 12px;
    line-height: 1.4;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .stage-detail.dark .stage-detail-axis h4 { color: var(--cream); }
  .stage-detail-axis .axis-tag {
    font-size: 12px;
    color: var(--gold);
    font-style: italic;
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .stage-detail-axis ul {
    list-style: none;
  }
  .stage-detail-axis li {
    font-size: 14px;
    padding: 10px 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
    word-break: keep-all;
    line-height: 1.5;
  }
  .stage-detail.dark .stage-detail-axis li {
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.75);
    border-bottom-color: rgba(232, 213, 160, 0.1);
  }
  .stage-detail-axis li:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
  .stage-detail-bottom {
    margin-top: 64px;
    padding-top: 40px;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 60px;
    align-items: start;
  }
  .stage-detail.dark .stage-detail-bottom {
    border-top-color: rgba(232, 213, 160, 0.15);
  }
  .stage-detail-bottom h5 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 11px;
    letter-spacing: 0.25em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--gold);
    margin-bottom: 14px;
    font-weight: 500;
  }
  .stage-detail-bottom p {
    font-size: 15px;
    line-height: 1.8;
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .stage-detail.dark .stage-detail-bottom p { color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.75); }

  /* process steps (4-step horizontal) */
  .process-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
    gap: 0;
    position: relative;
  }
  .process-step {
    padding: 0 24px 0 0;
    position: relative;
  }
  .process-step::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 24px;
    right: 0;
    width: 24px;
    height: 1px;
    background: var(--gold);
    opacity: 0.5;
  }
  .process-step:last-child::after { display: none; }
  .process-num {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 12px;
    color: var(--gold);
    letter-spacing: 0.2em;
    margin-bottom: 24px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
  }
  .process-num::before {
    content: '';
    width: 12px;
    height: 12px;
    border: 1px solid var(--gold);
    border-radius: 50%;
    background: var(--gold);
  }
  .process-step h4 {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: 19px;
    margin-bottom: 8px;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
    color: var(--ink);
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .process-step .process-en {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--gold);
    font-style: italic;
    margin-bottom: 16px;
  }
  .process-step p {
    font-size: 14px;
    line-height: 1.7;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    word-break: keep-all;
  }

  /* contact form */
  .form-section { background: var(--paper); }
  .form-wrap {
    max-width: 720px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    background: var(--cream);
    padding: 56px 48px;
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
  }
  .form-intro {
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-style: italic;
    font-size: 15px;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    margin-bottom: 32px;
    padding-bottom: 24px;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
    text-align: center;
  }
  .form-row {
    margin-bottom: 24px;
  }
  .form-row.two-col {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 20px;
  }
  .form-row label {
    display: block;
    font-size: 12px;
    letter-spacing: 0.1em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    margin-bottom: 8px;
    font-weight: 500;
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
  }
  .form-row label .req { color: var(--gold-bright); }
  .form-row input,
  .form-row select,
  .form-row textarea {
    width: 100%;
    padding: 12px 14px;
    background: white;
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    font-size: 15px;
    color: var(--ink);
    transition: border-color 0.3s ease;
  }
  .form-row input:focus,
  .form-row select:focus,
  .form-row textarea:focus {
    outline: none;
    border-color: var(--gold);
  }
  .form-row textarea {
    min-height: 120px;
    resize: vertical;
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
    line-height: 1.6;
  }
  .form-consent {
    display: flex;
    align-items: start;
    gap: 10px;
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    margin: 28px 0;
    line-height: 1.5;
  }
  .form-consent input[type="checkbox"] {
    margin-top: 3px;
    accent-color: var(--gold-bright);
  }
  .form-submit {
    width: 100%;
    padding: 18px;
    background: var(--navy);
    color: var(--cream);
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.15em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    border: none;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 12px;
    font-family: var(--font-sans);
  }
  .form-submit:hover {
    background: var(--gold);
    color: var(--navy);
  }
  .form-after {
    text-align: center;
    margin-top: 20px;
    font-size: 13px;
    color: var(--ink-muted);
  }

  /* direct contact / info table */
  .info-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 1px;
    background: var(--line);
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
  }
  .info-item {
    background: var(--cream);
    padding: 40px 32px;
  }
  .info-item h4 {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 11px;
    letter-spacing: 0.25em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--gold);
    margin-bottom: 16px;
    font-weight: 500;
  }
  .info-item p {
    font-size: 15px;
    line-height: 1.8;
    color: var(--ink-soft);
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .info-item p strong {
    color: var(--ink);
    font-weight: 500;
    display: block;
    margin-bottom: 4px;
  }
  .info-item a {
    color: var(--ink);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--gold);
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
  }
  .info-item a:hover { color: var(--gold-bright); }

  /* company info table */
  .company-info {
    background: var(--navy);
    color: var(--cream);
  }
  .company-table {
    max-width: 800px;
    margin: 0 auto;
  }
  .company-row {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr;
    gap: 40px;
    padding: 20px 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(232, 213, 160, 0.1);
    font-size: 15px;
  }
  .company-row:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
  .company-row dt {
    font-family: var(--font-display);
    font-size: 12px;
    letter-spacing: 0.2em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--gold);
  }
  .company-row dd {
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.85);
    word-break: keep-all;
  }
  .company-note {
    margin-top: 56px;
    text-align: center;
    font-family: var(--font-display-kr);
    font-style: italic;
    color: rgba(250, 247, 242, 0.6);
    font-size: 14px;
  }

  /* responsive additions */
  @media (max-width: 980px) {
    .page-hero { padding: 140px 0 80px; }
    .matrix { grid-template-columns: 100px repeat(3, 1fr); font-size: 12px; }
    .matrix-cell { padding: 16px 12px; min-height: 100px; }
    .matrix-cell.cell { font-size: 12px; }
    .stage-detail-head { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 32px; margin-bottom: 56px; }
    .stage-detail-axes { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 32px; }
    .stage-detail-bottom { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 32px; }
    .process-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 40px; }
    .process-step { padding: 0; }
    .process-step::after { display: none; }
    .info-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .form-wrap { padding: 40px 28px; }
    .form-row.two-col { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 24px; }
    .company-row { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 8px; }
  }